Modern Markup Languages Comparison

Who this is for

Anyone surveying the field. A neutral tour of lightweight markup languages, Carve included but not centered. For the Carve-centric take, see Carve vs Markdown/Djot/MDX.

A broad, neutral survey of the lightweight markup languages available today.

For a focused, Carve-centric comparison against Markdown, Djot, and MDX, see Carve vs Markdown, Djot & MDX.

Overview

The overview below is chronological. Later comparison tables group related syntaxes together instead.

Language	Author	Year	Focus
AsciiDoc	Stuart Rackham	2002	Technical documentation
reStructuredText (reST)	David Goodger	2002	Python documentation
Textile	Dean Allen	2002	Web publishing
MediaWiki	Magnus Manske	2002	Wikipedia
Org Mode	Carsten Dominik	2003	Emacs, outlining
Markdown	John Gruber	2004	Simplicity, email-style
Creole	WikiCreole	2007	Wiki standardization
CommonMark	John MacFarlane et al.	2014	Standardized Markdown
GitHub Flavored Markdown (GFM)	GitHub	2017 (formal spec; the flavor dates to ~2009)	Extended CommonMark
Gemtext	Solderpunk	2019	Minimalism (Gemini protocol)
Djot	John MacFarlane	2022	Predictable parsing
Carve	Mark Scherer	2026	Simple & predictable parsing

Feature Comparison

Feature	Markdown	CommonMark	GFM	Djot	AsciiDoc	reST	Carve
Strong	**text**	**text**	**text**	*text*	*text*	**text**	*text*
Emphasis	*text*	*text*	*text*	_text_	_text_	*text*	/text/
Code inline	`code`	`code`	`code`	`code`	`code`	``code``	`code`
Strikethrough	-	-	~~text~~	-	[.line-through]#text#	-	~text~
Highlight	-	-	-	{=text=}	#text#	-	=text=
Subscript	-	-	-	{~text~}	~text~	-	{,text,}
Superscript	-	-	-	{^text^}	^text^	-	{^text^}
Tables	varies	-	| col |	| col |	|===	directives	| col | + spans
Task lists	-	-	- [x]	- [x]	* [x]	-	- [x]
Footnotes	varies	-	[^1] (deployed; not in the formal spec)	[^1]	footnote:[]	[1]_	[^1], ^[inline]
Attributes	-	-	-	{.class #id}	[.class]	:class:	{.class #id}
Divs/Admonitions	-	-	-	:::	====	.. note::	::: note
Smart quotes	varies	-	-	auto	explicit ("`text`")	-	auto

Notes on the Djot column:

• Strikethrough: Djot has no strikethrough. Its nearest elements are delete {-text-} (<del>) and insert {+text+} (<ins>); plain ~text~ is subscript, not a line-through.
• Subscript / Superscript: the braces are optional in Djot: ~text~/^text^ work as shorthand, and the {~ ~}/{^ ^} forms are only needed when the span contains spaces or ambiguous boundaries. In Carve the braces are mandatory: {,text,} / {^text^} are the only sub/sup forms, and a bare , or ^ is always literal.

Syntax Examples

Headings

# Markdown/CommonMark/GFM/Djot/Carve

= AsciiDoc Level 1
== AsciiDoc Level 2

Title
=====    (reST)

* Org Mode Level 1
** Org Mode Level 2

Links

[text](url)                    # Markdown/CommonMark/GFM/Djot/Carve
https://url[text]              # AsciiDoc
`text <url>`_                  # reST
[[url][text]]                  # Org Mode
"text":url                     # Textile
[[Page|text]] / [url text]     # MediaWiki (internal page / external URL)
[[url|text]]                   # Creole
=> url text                    # Gemtext

Images

![alt](src)                    # Markdown/CommonMark/GFM/Djot/Carve
image::src[alt]                # AsciiDoc
.. image:: src                 # reST
   :alt: alt text
[[file:src]]                   # Org Mode
!src(alt)!                     # Textile
[[File:src|alt]]               # MediaWiki
{{src|alt}}                    # Creole

Code Blocks

```language                    # Markdown/GFM/Djot/Carve
code
```

[source,language]              # AsciiDoc
----
code
----

.. code-block:: language       # reST
   code

#+BEGIN_SRC language           # Org Mode
code
#+END_SRC

Lists

- item                         # Markdown/CommonMark/GFM/Djot/Carve
* item                         # AsciiDoc/Org Mode
- item                         # reST (with blank lines)
* item                         # Textile/MediaWiki/Creole

Philosophy Comparison

Language	Philosophy
Markdown	"Easy to read, easy to write" - minimal syntax for common cases
CommonMark	Standardize Markdown with unambiguous spec
GFM	Extend CommonMark for developer workflows (tables, task lists, code)
Djot	Predictable parsing, consistent rules, no edge cases
AsciiDoc	Technical documentation with semantic markup
reST	Extensible, explicit, Python ecosystem standard
Org Mode	Notes, tasks, and literate programming in one format
Gemtext	Radical simplicity, one link per line, no inline formatting

Strengths & Weaknesses

Markdown

• Pros: Ubiquitous, simple, familiar
• Cons: Ambiguous spec, many incompatible flavors

CommonMark

• Pros: Standardized, well-specified
• Cons: Missing features (tables, footnotes), complex spec

GFM

• Pros: Tables, task lists, autolinks, widely supported
• Cons: GitHub-specific extensions, still has edge cases

Djot

• Pros: Predictable, rich features, clean spec
• Cons: New, less tooling/adoption

AsciiDoc

• Pros: Feature-rich, great for books/docs
• Cons: Complex syntax, steep learning curve

reST

• Pros: Extensible, semantic, Python standard
• Cons: Verbose, whitespace-sensitive

Org Mode

• Pros: Supports literate programming and task management
• Cons: Emacs-centric, complex

Gemtext

• Pros: Dead simple, fast to parse
• Cons: Very limited formatting

Adoption & Ecosystem

Language	Primary Use	Notable Users
Markdown	General writing	GitHub, Stack Overflow, Reddit, Discord
CommonMark	Standardized docs	Discourse, Swift, many parsers
GFM	Developer docs	GitHub, GitLab
Djot	Modern alternative	Growing adoption
AsciiDoc	Technical books	O'Reilly, Spring, Asciidoctor
reST	Python docs	Sphinx, Read the Docs, Python
Org Mode	Personal knowledge	Emacs users, researchers
MediaWiki	Wikis	Wikipedia, Fandom

Parsing Complexity

Language	Parser Complexity	Spec Size
Gemtext	Trivial	~1 page
Creole	Simple	~10 pages
Markdown	Ambiguous	informal syntax essay, no formal spec
CommonMark	Complex	large prose spec, ~650 conformance examples
Djot	Moderate	compact prose spec + reference implementation
GFM	Complex	CommonMark + extensions
AsciiDoc	Complex	Large spec
reST	Complex	Large spec
Carve	Moderate	EBNF grammar + semantic constraints + executable corpus

Recommendations

Use Case	Recommended
Quick notes	Markdown
GitHub READMEs	GFM
Technical books	AsciiDoc
Python documentation	reST
Personal knowledge base	Org Mode
New projects wanting consistency	Djot
Rich documents with predictable parsing and built-in constructs	Carve
Extreme minimalism	Gemtext
Wiki content	MediaWiki or Creole